I: Direct speech and indirect speech.
1. Direct speech ( lời nói trực tiếp )
Ex : She said “ I will help you. “
2. Indirect speech ( lời nói gián tiếp )
Ex : she said that she would help me.
II : Các dạng câu tường thuật.
1. Reported statements ( Tường thuật câu trần thuật ).
Ex1: Direct :Tom said “ I am feeling ill “
Indirect: Tom said that he was feeling ill.
Ex 2 : Direct : He said to me “ I haven’t finished my work “
Indirect : He said to me he hadn’t finished his work.
2. Reported Y/N questions - Câu hỏi tường thuật Yes/ No.
Form : S + asked / wanted to know / wondered + if / whether + S + V.
Ex : Direct : “ Are you a student ? “ He asked me
Indirect : He asked me if I was a student.
3. Reported wh-questions - Câu hỏi tường thuật có từ để hỏi.
Form : S + asked / wanted to know /wondered + Wh- question + S +V.
Ex : Direct : “ How are you ? “ Tom asked us.
Indirect : Tom asked us How we were.
4. Tường thuật câu mệnh lệnh ở dạng khẳng định.
Form : S + told + O + to V.
Ex : Direct : “ Please wait for me here, Marry” Tom said.
Indirect : Tom told Marry to wait for him there.
5. Tường thuật câu mệnh lệnh ở dạng phủ định.
Form : S + told + O + not-to V.
Ex : Direct : “ Don’t talk in the class “ The teacher said to the students.
Indirect : The teacher told to the students not to talk in the class .
III :Biến đổi thì của động từ và động từ khuyết thiếu theo bảng sau:
Direct speech |
Reported speech |
Present simple |
Past simple |
Present continuous |
Past continuous |
Present perfect |
Past perfect |
Past simple |
Past perfect |
Present perfect continuous |
Past perfect continuous |
Past continuous |
Past perfect continuous |
Will |
Would |
Can |
Could |
must/ have to |
had to |
May |
Might |
IV : Biến đổi đại từ và các từ hạn định theo bảng sau:
Direct speech |
Reported speech |
|
Subject pronouns |
I |
he/ she |
You |
I/ We/ They |
|
We |
We/ They |
|
Object pronouns |
me |
him/ her |
you |
me/ us/ them |
|
us |
us/ them |
|
Possessive adjectives |
my |
his/ her |
your |
my/ our/ their |
|
our |
our/ their |
|
Possessive pronouns |
mine |
his/ hers |
yours |
mine/ ours/ theirs |
|
ours |
ours/ theirs |
|
Demonstratives |
this |
the/ that |
these |
the/ those |
IV: Biến đổi trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn theo bảng sau:
Direct speech |
Reported speech |
here |
There |
now |
then/ at that moment |
today/ tonight |
that day/ that night |
tomorrow |
the next day |
next week |
the following week |
yesterday |
the previous day |
last week |
the week before |
ago |
Before |